This feature asks whether intransitive verbs can take a phonologically bound morpheme that signals the addition of just one role in the event denoted by the verb. This could be a causative affix or clitic, an applicative marker (benefactive, instrumental, etc.), etc. The marker has to be productive. Note that there is no logical dependency with GB155 on causative markers, as a language could have causatives that change a verb's valency from 2 to 3 but not from 1 to 2.
Ao Naga (ISO 639-3: njo, Glottolog: aona1235)
Ao Naga (or Chungli Ao, in the source) has a causative suffix, -taktsɨ, which can transitivize intransitive sentences, as well as add an additional role to an already transitive clause. Ao Naga is coded 1 for this feature.
(Intransitive > transitive) ni-i la tʃip-taktsɨ 1SG-A 3SG.F cry-CAUS.PFV ‘I made her cry.’ (Escamilla 2012: 54–56) (Transitive > ditransitive) pa-i la-nem mapa injak-takstsɨ 3SG.M-A 3SG.F-DAT chore do/work-CAUS.PFV ‘He made her do work.’ (Escamilla 2012: 54–56)
Arhuaco (ISO 639-3: arh, Glottolog: arhu1242)
Arhuaco (or Ika) has a directive applicative prefix ka- that can add an extra role to an intransitive clause. Arhuaco is coded 1 for this feature.
mi-ka-wa'ka 2SG.OBJ-APPL.DIR-look ‘It looks at you.’ (Frank 1985: 93; glosses by Haspelmath & Müller-Bardey 2004: 107)
Barain (ISO 639-3: bva, Glottolog: bare1279)
Like other Chadic languages, Barain has fossilized remains of a system of intransitive-causative vowel alternation, which is no longer productive (Lovestrand 2012: 126–127). There is no other transitivizing morphology (although there is a passive, reflexive and reciprocal). Barain is coded as 0.
Escamilla, Ramón. M. 2012. An updated typology of causative constructions: Form-function mappings in Hupa (California Athabaskan), Chungli Ao (Tibeto-Burman) and beyond. Berkeley: University of California, Berkeley. (Doctoral dissertation.)
Haspelmath, Martin & Thomas Müller-Bardey. 2004. Valency change. In Geert E. Booij, Christian Lehmann, Joachim Mugdan & Stavros Skopeteas (eds), Morphology: An international handbook on inflection and word-formation. Vol. 2, 1130–1145. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter.
Peterson, David A. 2007. Applicative constructions. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Zúñiga, Fernando & Seppo Kittilä. 2019. Grammatical voice. (Cambridge Textbooks in Linguistics, 59.) Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Escamilla, Ramón M. 2012. An Updated Typology of Causative Constructions: Form-Function Mappings in Hupa (California Athabaskan), Chungli Ao (Tibeto-Burman) and Beyond (PhD Thesis). University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California.
Frank, Paul Stephen. 1985. A grammar of Ika (Chibchan, Colombia). Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania. (Doctoral dissertation.)
Haspelmath, Martin & Thomas Müller-Bardey. 2004. Valency change. In Geert E. Booij, Christian Lehmann, Joachim Mugdan & Stavros Skopeteas (eds), Morphology: An international handbook on inflection and word-formation. Vol. 2, 1130–1145. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter.
Lovestrand, Joseph. 2012. The linguistic structure of Baraïn (Chadic). Dallas: Graduate Institute of Applied Linguistics. (MA thesis.)
GB103 Can a verb have a benefactive marker (applicative marker or index)?
GB104 Can a verb have an instrumental marker (applicative marker or index)?
GB108 Is there directional or locative morphological marking on verbs?
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0 | absent | 555 | |
1 | present | 1316 | |
? | Not known | 515 |
Name | Glottocode | Family | Macroarea | Contributor | Value | Source | Comment |
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