A causative is a valency increasing operation that introduces a causer core argument that makes a non-subject argument do or become something (e.g. ‘x eats’ -> ‘y feeds x’ = ‘y causes x to to eat’). Note that both causatives adding an argument to a transitive clause (I drink milk -> x causes me to drink milk) and those adding an argument to an intransitive clause (I sit -> x causes me to sit) are targeted by this question. This question targets productive, phonologically bound causative markers. Lexicalized causative verbs should be disregarded for this feature.
Ao Naga (ISO 639-3: njo, Glottolog: aona1235)
Ao Naga (or Chungli Ao, in the source) has a causative suffix, -taktsɨ, which can transitivize intransitive sentences, as well as add an additional role to an already transitive clause. Ao Naga is coded 1 for this feature.
a. (Intransitive > transitive) ni-i la tʃip-taktsɨ 1SG-A 3SG.F cry-CAUS ‘I made her cry.’ (Escamilla 2012: 55) b. (Transitive > ditransitive) pa-i la-nem mapa injak-takstsɨ 3SG.M-A 3SG.F-nem chore do/work-CAUS ‘He made her do work.’ (Escamilla 2012: 55)
Barain (ISO 639-3: bva, Glottolog: bare1279)
Like other Chadic languages, Barain has fossilized remains of a system of intransitive-causative vowel alternation, which is no longer productive (Lovestrand 2012: 126–127). There is no other transitivizing morphology (although there is a passive, reflexive and reciprocal). Barain is coded as 0.
Escamilla, Ramón M. 2012. An updated typology of causative constructions: Form-function mappings in Hupa (California Athabaskan), Chungli Ao (Tibeto-Burman) and beyond (PhD Thesis). Berkeley: University of California. (Doctoral dissertation.)
Haspelmath, Martin & Thomas Müller-Bardey. 2004. Valency change. In Geert E. Booij, Christian Lehmann, Joachim Mugdan & Stavros Skopeteas (eds), Morphology: An international handbook on inflection and word-formation (Vol. 2), 1130–1145. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter.
Zúñiga, Fernando & Seppo Kittilä. 2019. Grammatical voice (Cambridge Textbooks in Linguistics). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Escamilla, Ramón M. 2012. An updated typology of causative constructions: Form-function mappings in Hupa (California Athabaskan), Chungli Ao (Tibeto-Burman) and beyond (PhD Thesis). Berkeley: University of California. (Doctoral dissertation.)
Lovestrand, Joseph. 2012. The linguistic structure of Baraïn (Chadic). Dallas, TX: Graduate Institute of Applied Linguistics. (MA thesis.)
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0 | absent | 557 | |
1 | present | 1494 | |
? | Not known | 374 |
Name | Glottocode | Family | Macroarea | Contributor | Value | Source | Comment |
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