F-Dependency Can the S or A argument be omitted from a pragmatically unmarked clause when the referent is inferrable from context ("pro-drop" or "null anaphora")? → Can the S argument be indexed by a suffix/enclitic on the verb in the simple main clause? → Can the S argument be indexed by a prefix/proclitic on the verb in the simple main clause?

Can the S or A argument be omitted from a pragmatically unmarked clause when the referent is inferrable from context ("pro-drop" or "null anaphora")? / Can the S argument be indexed by a suffix/enclitic on the verb in the simple main clause? / Can the S argument be indexed by a prefix/proclitic on the verb in the simple main clause? Number of languages
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Mungbam
Aghem
Aja (Benin)
Aneityum
Angami Naga
Anufo
Anu-Hkongso
Apatani
Araki
'Are'are
Awar
Baba
Babanki
Babatana
Bafut
Banda-Bambari
Bantoanon
Bih
Bini
Bodo-Mech
Botolan Sambal
Bure
Busa
Butam
Caac
Cakfem-Mushere-Jibyal
Car Nicobarese
Central Khmer
Coastal-Naga Bikol
Central Tagbanwa
Central Palawano
Central Dusun
Chakali
Chang Naga
Cheke Holo
Chothe
Duhumbi
Coptic
Cori
Dadibi
Dagbani
Dampelas
Danau
Danish
Dhao
Dimasa
Dumbea
Dyangadi
Dyula
Emae
Emai
Etruscan
Farefare
Fijian
Filipino
Finallig
Foi
Fon
Fulniô
Geba Karen
Gilbertese
Gogodala
Gugu Badhun
Guruntum-Mbaaru
Haitian
Hano
Haroi
Hindi
Amkoe
Hozo
East Taa
Hula
Iban
Ibatan
Jarai
Jeh
Kafa
Kagayanen
Kare (Central African Republic)
Kayan Lahwi
Keley-i Kallahan
Mateq
Khasi
Khmu
Kinaray-a
Koho
Kokata
Kol (Cameroon)
Konyak Naga
Koromfé
Kosraean
Kunjen
Kutenai
Lotha Naga
Magdalena Peñasco Mixtec
Maguindanao
Mak (China)
Mamanwa
Mambae
Manange
Mansaka
Mara Chin
Maranao
Margany
Maria (India)
Masana
Maxakalí
Maykulan
Mayogo
Mbandja
Meta'
Mixtepec Zapotec
Moba
Mokilese
Mono (Democratic Republic of Congo)
Mpade
Mündü
Mundabli-Mufu
Nati
Ncane-Mungong
Ndogo
Kathmandu Valley Newari
Ngbaka Minagende
Nomaande
North Moluccan Malay
North Efate
North Ambrym
Northern Paiute
Burmese
Nuclear Western Fijian
Barai
Nupe-Nupe-Tako
Nyawaygi
Luangiua
Pampanga
Papitalai
Para Naga
Pintupi-Luritja
Pitta Pitta
Puluwatese
Ksingmul
Qawasqar
Rabha
Rengao
Romblomanon
Rongmei Naga
Saaroa
Sabah Malay
Hawu
Saisiyat
Sangtam Naga
Sarangani Manobo
Saramaccan
Savosavo
Seimat
Sengseng
Shixing
South Fali
Standard Malay
Supyire Senoufo
Swedish
Tagwana Senoufo
East-Central Tangkhul Naga
Tarao
Tatana
Tausug
Tboli
Tempasuk Dusun
Tiefo-Daramandugu
Tiefo-Nyafogo-Numudara
Tiri-Mea
Tok Pisin
Torres Strait-Lockhart River Creole
Tsogo
Tula
Tule-Kaweah Yokuts
Waima'a
Waja
Wappo
Waya (Western Fijian)
Western Arrarnta
Western Karaboro
West Coast Bajau
Xârâcùù
Yalarnnga
Yami
Yurok
Yuwaalaraay
Záparo
Zarma
Zeme Naga
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Abun
Longchuan Achang
Aché
Adzera
Agutaynen
Thavung
Akha
Kailibo Aklanon
Ama (Sudan)
Amdo Tibetan
Amri Karbi
Anfillo
Anuta
Ao Naga
A'ou
Araona
Arosi
Arta
Ati
Atong (India)
Baba Malay
Baima
Balangingi
Balade
Bangru
Bantawa
Baraamu
Barok
Shidong Biao
Biao-Jiao Mien
Biao Mon
Bislama
Bisu
Blablanga
Blang
Bokar-Ramo
Bolyu
Bonan
Bonggi
Bouna Kulango
Bugan
Bughotu
Buhutu
Bulo Stieng
Cao Miao
Central Mnong
Central Bai
Central Chong
Chak
Chaozhou
Chashan
Chepang
Chocangacakha
Chong of Chanthaburi
Chuukese
Cosao
Daai Chin
Daasanach
Dechang
Dehu
Dharumbal
Dura
Dzao Min
Dzongkha
Eastern Lawa
Eastern Kayah
Melamchi Yolmo
East Futuna
Eastern Penan
Enu
Ersu
Ese Ejja
Falam Chin
Fasu
Ga'dang
Garo
Gayo
Gela
Ghanongga
Ghari
Gude
Guiqiong
Gureng Gureng
Gurung
Hakka Chinese
Halang
Halh Mongolian
Hani
Hawaiian
Honi
Central Lisu
Hung
Ikema-Irabu
Iraya
Isconahua
Iu Mien
Itbayat
Jambi Malay
Jukun Takum
Southern Jinghpaw
Kadar
Kara (Papua New Guinea)
Karao
Hills Karbi
Katso
Kéo
Kera
Khams Tibetan
Kháng
Khezha Naga
Kim Mun
Klamath-Modoc
Kokota
Koonzime
Korean
Kuanua
Kulon-Pazeh
Nêlêmwa-Nixumwak
Kumbainggar
Kupang Malay
Kurrama
Kuy
Kwaio
Kxoe
Kyerung
Laal
Lachi
Lahu Shi
Lahu
Lamjung Yolmo
Larantuka Malay
Lashi
Brao
Lele (Chad)
Lemerig
Lengo
Lezgian
Lihir
Lipo
Logo
Ma'anyan
Malavedan
Malayalam
Colloquial Malay
Male (Ethiopia)
Mambai
Mandarin Chinese
Mandara
Mang
Mangareva
Mangseng
Man Met
Maori
Maram Naga
Maranunggu
Martuthunira
Maru
Masbatenyo
Mayo
Migaama
Kman
Milang
Mina (Cameroon)
Mangghuer
Minigir
Miya
Mlabri
Moken
Moklen
Mwotlap
Mpi
Mualang
Namuyi
Nauete
Naxi
Nengone
Kriang-Khlor
Nguluwan
Ninglang
Niuafo'ou
Niuean
Njanga
Nocte Naga
Northern Khmer
Northern Pumi
Northern Tujia
Northern Qiandong Miao
North Marquesan
Northern Subanen
Northern Lisu
Eastern Armenian
Japanese
Nyahkur
Obokuitai
Ogami
Oki-No-Erabu
Old Khmer
Old Mon
Oroha
Orowe
Owa
Pa'a
Paasaal
Pacoh
Pa-Hng
Pangasinan
Panoan Katukína
Papuan Malay
South Wa
Patep
Patpatar
Pela
Pendau
Māngarongaro
Prai
Phom Naga
Vaeakau-Taumako
Pima Bajo
Pnar
Psikye
Rade
Rapanui
Mangaia-Old Rapa
Southern Cook Island Maori
Rejang Kayan
Hatang Kayi
Rennell-Bellona
Rerep
Roviana
Ruching Palaung
Rumai Palaung
Rumu
Sa'a
Sa
West Malagasy Sakalava
Samoan
Sani
San Marcos Tlalcoyalco Popoloca
Sapuan
Sedang
Semelai
S'gaw Karen
Shanenawa
She
Shoshoni
Shwe Palaung
Sichuan Yi
Simbo
Northern Jinghpaw
Sirayaic
Sochiapam Chinantec
Sonsorol
Sô
Southern Pumi
Southern Bai
Southern Grebo
Southern Sama
Southern Amami-Oshima
Southern Haida
Sri Lanka Malay
Sumi Naga
Sursurunga
Taibei Hokkien
Tajio
Talise
Movono
Tangam
Tarama-Minna
Tehuelche
Teop
Tetun Dili
Thakali
Tibetan
Tigak
Tilung
Tinà Sambal
To'abaita
Tonga (Tonga Islands)
Tongva
Torau
Tsat
Tshangla
Ts'ixa
Tunen
Tungag
Tuvalu
Ughele
Ugong
Upper Kinabatangan
Ura
Urak Lawoi'
Urim
U
Vera'a
Vurës
Wala
East Uvean
Ngiyambaa
Wari'
War-Jaintia
Wawa
Western Lawa
Western Bru
Western Tamang
Western Xiangxi Miao
West Uvean
Western Cham
Woleaian
Wu Chinese
Wusa Nasu
Wutunhua
Xishanba Lalo
Yaeyama
Ulwa (Papua New Guinea)
Yaygir
Yinchia
Yindjibarndi
Northern Yokuts
Yonaguni
Youle Jinuo
Younuo Bunu
Yue Chinese
Northern Yukian
Zabana
Zaiwa
Lahta-Zayein Karen
326
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Abadi
Abé
Abkhaz
Abu' Arapesh
Akabea
Akei
Akoose
Akuntsu
Amara
Ami
Apma
Are
Ata Manobo
Aulua
Au
Avá-Canoeiro
Avokaya
Awad Bing
Awetí
Witsuwit'en-Babine
Bafia
Loi-Likila
Paluai
Bariai
Basque
Baybayanon
Bebele
Beembe
Belueli
Bemba (Zambia)
Biangai
Bila
Bilibil
Ongota
Bomboma
Bondei
Breton
Bubi
Budza
Bushoong
Buwal
Bwaidoka
Kakua
Camsá
Canela-Krahô
Canichana
Carolinian
Cayubaba
Cherokee
Chilcotin-Nicola
Chipewyan
Chitimacha
Chuwabu
Cicipu
Coahuilteco
Cocama-Cocamilla
Cochimi
Crow
Culina
Degema
Dibole
Jaminjung-Ngaliwurru
Djeebbana
Djeoromitxí
Dobu
Dusner
Eastern Bolivian Guaraní
Elip
Eyak
Gade
Galibi Carib
Gapapaiwa
Gebe
Gedaged
Giryama
Kinikinao
Bininj Kun-Wok
Gweno
Gyele
Ha
Haka Chin
Hehe
Herero
Hote
Iamalele
Ibibio
Iduna
Ili'uun
Isnag
Isthmus-Cosoleacaque Nahuatl
Jehai
Kachama-Ganjule-Haro
Kagulu
Kalanga
Central Kalapuya
Kalispel-Pend d'Oreille
Kamba (Kenya)
Kambera
Kaonde
Kaqchikel
Karitiâna
Kaska
Kaure-Narau
Keapara
Ket
Kgalagadi
Kharam Naga
Khumi Chin
K'iche'
Kiowa
Koluwawa
Komo (Democratic Republic of Congo)
Konzo
Koti
Kove
Krenak
Kunbarlang
Kunza
Kwamera
Kwegu
Kwini
Ninde
Labwor
Lagwan
Laiyolo
Lala-Bisa
Lala
Lambya
Lamkang
Lamogai
Landoma
Langi
Laragia
Lavukaleve
Lega-Mwenga
Lelepa
Lele (Papua New Guinea)
Lenakel
Lendu
Lese
Leti (Indonesia)
Lote
Luguru
Luo (Kenya and Tanzania)
Mizo
Lusi
Luvale
Luyi
Madak
Ma'di
Mafea
Makhuwa
Makhuwa-Saka
Makonde
Maleu-Kilenge
Mambwe-Lungu
Manam
Mangarrayi
Mangbetu
Sougb
Mansim
Maragus
Sunwadia
Marik
Maricopa
Marovo
Marúbo
Maskelynes
Mato
Matumbi
Matukar
Mawng
Central Wambo
Mbo (Cameroon)
Mbole
Mbula
Mbyá Guaraní
Miriwung
Misima-Paneati
Mohawk
Mokpwe
Mono-Alu
Morelos Nahuatl
Motu
Mouk-Aria
Mullukmulluk
Mundurukú
Mwani
Namakura
Natchez
Navajo
Ndamba
Nez Perce
Ngalkbun
Ngarinyin
Ngas
Ngiti
Nhengatu
Nilamba
Nonuya
North Tanna
Northeast Kiwai
Northwestern Ojibwa
Mumuye
Yawa
Monumbo
Kumak
Marind
Nugunu (Cameroon)
Nyankole
Nyaturu
Nyoro
Oceanic
Olo
Ombamba-Congo
Osamayi
Pagibete
Pagu
Palauan
Pamona
Panará
Pangwa
Papapana
Pawnee
Puelche
Runga
Saamia
Sagalla
Wanohe
Sangu (Tanzania)
Sanga (Democratic Republic of Congo)
Sarsi
Satawalese
Selaru
Semaq Beri
Semai
Seneca
Shambala
Shona
Sie
Sinaugoro
Sio
Sirionó
Sobei
Soga
Soli
Southern Sotho
Southwest Tanna
Southern Lengua
Suba
Sudest
Sukuma
Swahili
Tabaru
Tanema
Tanzanian Ngoni
Taulil
Taushiro
Teanu
Latege
Temiar
Tepecano
Ternate
Thado Chin
Tikopia
Timne
Timugon Murut
Tiri
Toba-Maskoy
Tobelo
Tohono O'odham
Tolomako
Maniq
Tooro
Totela
Trinitario-Javeriano-Loretano
Tukang Besi North
Tuki
Tumleo
Tutuba
Ubykh
Umbugarla
Urningangg
Lovono
Vunjo
Vwanji
Wageman
Waigeo
Waima
Waimiri-Atroari
Waiwai
Wandamen
Warembori
Warekena do San Miguel
Waropen
West Makian
Western Apache
Western Huasteca Nahuatl
Western Keres
Whitesands
Woi
Wolio
Wuvulu-Aua
Huron-Wyandot
Yaka-Pelende-Lonzo
Northwest Sahaptin
Yao
Yapese
Yawalapití
Zinza
310
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Achuar-Shiwiar
Aghu
Agob-Ende-Kawam
Agusan Manobo
Aimele
Alaba-K'abeena
Aleut
Alu Kurumba
Amahuaca
Amam
Ancient Greek
Angosturas Tunebo
Ap Ma
Arapaho
Aromanian
Auye
Awadhi
Awa (Papua New Guinea)
Awara
Ayacucho Quechua
Bahing
Balinese
Bara Malagasy
Basay
Bashkir
Riuk Bekati'
Belarusian
Bella Coola
Berjozovka
Berta
Betul
Bimin
Biri
Bora
Buginese
Bundeli
Buol
Burji
Burunge
Bwatoo
Byangsi
Cacataibo de Mariscal
Calderón Highland Quichua
Campidanese Sardinian
Capanahua
Cemuhî
Central Alaskan Yupik
Central Sierra Miwok
Central Bontoc
Chácobo
Chara
Chenchu
Bolivar-North Chimborazo Highland Quichua
Chuvash
Classical-Middle Armenian
Cofán
Comox
Corsican
Cowlitz
Crimean Tatar
Cubeo
Cusco Quechua
Czech
Darai
Darma
Desano
Drung
East Kewa
Eastern Pomo
Eastern Subanen
Eastern Newari
Eastern Geshiza
Eipomek
Ekari
Erzya
Ese
Esimbi
Eudeve
Kulsab
Momu-Fas
Finnish
Forest Enets
Gagauz
Bunan
Galician
Gamo
Ganai
Gheg Albanian
Amur Nivkh
Girawa
Gofa
Grassland Mari
Guahibo
Guambiano
Kotiria
Hadiyya
Halia
Halkomelem
Hanga Hundi
Haruai
Heiltsuk-Oowekyala
Hoava
Huallaga Huánuco Quechua
Huambisa
Huarijio
Huastec
Hulaulá
Huli
Hungarian
Hurrian
Iaai
Iatmul
Ibaloi
Ibanag
Idu
Imbabura Highland Quichua
Ingrian
Iron Ossetian
Urali Irula
Italian
Iyo
Jerung
Kado
Kaki Ae
Kalaallisut
Kamas (Uralic)
Kanite
Kankanaey
Karkar-Yuri
Kashmiri
Kenuzi-Dongola
Kesawai
Khakas
Khaling
Kilen
Kolbila
Komi-Zyrian
Komi-Permyak
Konkan Marathi
Koromira
Kosarek Yale
Koya
Koy Sanjaq Jewish Neo-Aramaic
Kuku-Yalanji
Kulung (Nepal)
Kusaghe-Njela
Lambadi
Latin
Latvian
Leco
Lembena
Lishanid Noshan
Lithuanian
Livvi
Liv
Lombard
Longxi Qiang
Lower Chehalis
Lowland Tarahumara
Ludian
Luiseno-Juaneño
Lule Saami
Northern Lushootseed
Macedonian
Macuna
Malaweg
Malinaltepec Me'phaa
Manambu
Manggarai
Mapudungun
Marathi
Marghi Central
Mehek
Melpa
Meru
Mezontla Popoloca
Mi'kmaq
Minica Huitoto
Mlahsô
Modern Greek
Moksha
Moma Even
Mosetén-Chimané
Mountain Koiali
Muduga
Mundang
Muruwari
Murui Huitoto
Aisi
Muthuvan
Nalik
Nanai
Tundra Nenets
Nepali
Nganasan
Nhanda
Noon
Nopala Chatino
Northern Karelian
Northern Uzbek
North Azerbaijani
Northern Qiang
Northern Yukaghir
North Junín Quechua
Turkish
Kannada
Mombum
Nukna
Occitan
Ocotlán Zapotec
Ofayé
Oksapmin
Old English (ca. 450-1100)
Ömie
Odia
Oroch
Eastern Panjabi
Pawaia
Manat
Pengo
Pinai-Hagahai
Pite Saami
Polish
Portuguese
Pumé
Purepecha
Purik-Sham-Nubra
Quileute
Quiotepec Chinantec
Rapoisi
Ratahan
Rotokas
Rukai
Russia Buriat
Samba Daka
San Martín Quechua
San Miguel El Grande Mixtec
Sauria Paharia
Second Mesa
Shabo
Sholaga
Shor
Shuar
Siawi
Sicilian
Sirva
Siriano
Siuslaw
Skolt Saami
Slovenian
Serbian-Croatian-Bosnian
Southern Pashto
South Saami
Southern Qiang
Southeastern Tepehuan
Southern Sierra Miwok
Southern Aymara
Southern Selkup
Catalan
Surgut Khanty
Taiap
Takelma
Tamil
Tatar
Tezoatlán Mixtec
Thangmi
Thao
Third Mesa
Thulung
Thurawal
Tojolabal
Northern Tosk Albanian
Tsamai
Tübatulabal
Tulu
Turkic Khalaj
Turkmen
Tuvinian
Tver
Twana
Udihe
Ugaritic
Ulithian
Umbu-Ungu
Ume Saami
Upper Chehalis
Uru
Veps
Võro-Mulgi-Tartu
Wagaya
Wambule
Waorani
Warumungu
Wayu
Welsh
Western Farsi
Western Canadian Inuktitut
Wintu
Wiru
Wolaytta
Xamtanga
Yaminahua
Yanomamö
Yaqui
Yau (Morobe Province)
Yora
Yulparija
Yuracaré
Zaniza Zapotec
Zayse-Zergulla
310
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Abipon
Achi
Acehnese
Adonara
Afar
Hokkaido Ainu
Alagwa
Amarakaeri
Ancient Hebrew
Arbore
Arikapú
Ashéninka Perené
Assiniboine
Atakapa
Athpariya
Awjilah
Awtuw
Balantak
Batak Toba
Belhariya
Betoi-Jirara
Cahuilla
Camling
Catawba
Central Tarahumara
Chamorro
Chamacoco
Cheyenne
Chickasaw
Chimariko
Lomeriano-Ignaciano Chiquitano
Choctaw
Chukchi
Classical Nahuatl
Columbia-Wenatchi
Creek
Dazaga
Dobel
Eastern Highland Otomi
El Molo
Filomeno Mata Totonac
Francisco León Zoque
Fur
Futuna-Aniwa
Guató
Gubeeher-Gufangor-Gubelor
Central Guerrero Nahuatl
Guerrero Amuzgo
Hamer-Banna
Havasupai-Walapai-Yavapai
Hidatsa
Highland Totonac
Highland Popoluca
Highland Puebla Nahuatl
Hixkaryána
Huichol
Idi-Taeme
Isthmus-Pajapan Nahuatl
Isthmus-Mecayapan Nahuatl
Itzá
Japhug
Kabardian
Kedang
Keiga
Kilivila
Kola
Kuot
Kusunda
Gwama
Lamboya
Lillooet
Loup A
Maisin
Mam
Me'en
Mekeo
Mezquital Otomi
Miami
Michoacán Nahuatl
Mikasuki
Mocho
Mangue
Mopán Maya
Mori Atas
Marori
Muduapa
Mün Chin
Murle
Muyuw
Nambo
Nanggu
Ndunga
Nehan
Nivaclé
Northern Haida
Northwest Maidu
Northern Puebla Nahuatl
Northern Tepehuan
North Giziga
Georgian
Belep
Okanagan
Oluta Popoluca
Omaha-Ponca
Ottawa
Papantla Totonac
Paulohi
Pemon
Pichis Ashéninka
Pilagá
Plains Cree
Popti'
Puma
Q'anjob'al
Querétaro Otomi
Reyesano
Rikbaktsa
Mekens
San Dionisio del Mar Huave
Seri
Severn Ojibwa
Shawnee
Sierra Negra Nahuatl
Siksika
Situ
South Nuaulu
Sumerian
Tahaggart Tamahaq
Tamasheq
Tarifiyt-Beni-Iznasen-Eastern Middle Atlas Berber
Tawallammat Tamajaq
Tedaga
Tektiteko
Temascaltepec Nahuatl
Temoaya Otomi
Tennet
Termanu
Tetelcingo Nahuatl
Trió
Trumai
Tupinambá
Upper Necaxa Totonac
Neve'ei
Anta-Komnzo-Wára-Wérè-Kémä
Wayana
Weri
Akateko
Western Neo-Aramaic
Western Durango Nahuatl
Woods Cree
Wotu
Yaaku
Yámana
Yeri
Yecuatla Totonac
Yele
Yucatec Maya
Yukpa
Yuqui
Zacatlán-Ahuacatlán-Tepetzintla Nahuatl
160
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